ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT This study aimed to make a systematic review of scientific articles on the planning of manual motor actions of typical and atypical children. To do so, a search of articles published between 1996 and 2017 was done on PubMed, LILACS, Science Direct, and SciElo databases. Original articles in English and Portuguese evaluating the planning of motor actions in typical and atypical children performing manual tasks were selected. For the analysis, the population age, number of children, type of task, main results, site of study and impact of the journal were considered. From the eighteen articles found, twelve were about typical children (from nine months old to twenty years old) and six about atypical children (from three to fourteen years old) diagnosed with autism, hemiplegic cerebral palsy, and developmental coordination disorders. In nine- to ten-year-old typical children, the planning ability of manual motor actions develops over the time and is similar to that of an adult. The atypical children showed motor planning ability lower than that of the typical children, and determining the age when this planning ability is acquired was not possible.
RESUMO O objetivo desse estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática de artigos científicos sobre o planejamento de ações motoras manuais de crianças típicas e atípicas. Para isso, foi feita uma busca de artigos publicados entre 1996 e 2017 nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs, Science Direct e SciELO. Foram incluídos artigos originais em língua inglesa e portuguesa, que avaliaram o planejamento de ações motoras em crianças típicas e atípicas por meio de tarefas manuais. Para a análise dos artigos, considerou-se a população, a faixa etária, o número de crianças, o tipo de tarefa, os principais resultados, o local de realização do estudo e o fator de impacto da revista. Ao todo, foram encontrados 18 artigos, sendo 12 com crianças típicas (9 meses a 20 anos de idade), e 6 com crianças atípicas (3 a 14 anos) diagnosticadas com autismo, paralisia cerebral hemiplégica e transtornos de déficit de coordenação. Nas crianças típicas, observa-se que a capacidade de planejamento de ações motoras manuais se desenvolve ao longo do tempo e se assemelha a de um adulto entre os 9 e 10 anos de idade. As crianças atípicas apresentaram capacidade de planejamento motor inferior à das crianças típicas e não foi possível determinar a idade em que essa habilidade de planejamento é estabelecida.
RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática de artículos científicos sobre la planificación de acciones motoras manuales de niños típicos y atípicos. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda de artículos publicados entre 1996 y 2017 en las bases de datos PubMed, Lilacs, Science Direct y SciELO. Se incluyeron artículos originales en inglés y portugués que evaluaron la planificación de acciones motoras en niños típicos y atípicos a través de tareas manuales. Para el análisis de los artículos, se consideró la población, el grupo de edad, el número de niños, el tipo de tarea, los principales resultados, el lugar de realización del estudio y el factor de impacto de la revista. En total, se encontraron 18 artículos, 12 con niños típicos (9 meses a 20 años) y 6 con niños atípicos (3 a 14 años) diagnosticados con autismo, parálisis cerebral hemipléjica y trastornos de déficit de coordinación. En los niños típicos, se observa que la capacidad de planificación de acciones motoras manuales se desarrolla a lo largo del tiempo y entre los 9 y 10 años se asemeja a la de un adulto. Los niños atípicos presentaron una capacidad de planificación de motores inferior a la de los niños típicos y no fue posible determinar la edad en que se estableció esta capacidad de planificación.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Sensorimotor Cortex/growth & development , Motor Activity/physiology , Motor Skills/physiology , Autistic Disorder/physiopathology , Cerebral Palsy/physiopathology , Child Development/physiology , Motor Skills Disorders/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Autonomic disturbances often occur in patients with acute cerebrovascular disease due to damage of the central autonomic network. We summarize the structures of the central autonomic network and the clinical tests used to evaluate the functions of the autonomic nervous system. We review the clinical and experimental findings as well as management strategies of post-stroke autonomic disturbances including electrocardiographic changes, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial damage, thermoregulatory dysfunction, gastrointestinal dysfunction, urinary incontinence, sexual disorders, and hyperglycemia. The occurrence of autonomic disturbances has been associated with poor outcomes in stroke patients. Autonomic nervous system modulation appears to be an emerging therapeutic strategy for stroke management in addition to treatments for sensorimotor dysfunction.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Acute Disease , Autonomic Nervous System , Cerebrovascular Disorders , Nerve Net , Wounds and Injuries , Sensorimotor Cortex , StrokeABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a device that activates the sensorimotor cortex through electrodes attached to the surface of the skin. However, it is difficult to expect positive changes if the recipient is not attentive to the motion. To complement the perceived cognitive limitations of FES, we attempted to investigate the changes of sensorimotor cortex activity by simultaneously providing action observation with FES. METHODS: Electroencephalogram was measured in 28 healthy volunteers. Relative band power over the sensorimotor cortex was analyzed and compared in three conditions: during rest, during FES alone, during action observation with FES. RESULTS: The results showed significant differences in each relative band power. Relative alpha power and relative beta power were the lowest by application of FES combined with action observation, while the relative gamma power was the highest. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that combining FES with observation could be more effective than FES alone in neurorehabilitation.
Subject(s)
Complement System Proteins , Electric Stimulation , Electrodes , Electroencephalography , Healthy Volunteers , Neurological Rehabilitation , Sensorimotor Cortex , SkinABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Little is known about the impact of environmental factors and daily tasks for the infant development which the adolescent mother is exposed. Therefore the present study was to identify associations and predictors of motor and cognitive development of infants of adolescent and adult mothers. Participated 40 babies aged between 0 and 18 months, 20 babies in each group - adolescent and adult mothers. Alberta Motor Infant Scale, Bayley Scale of Infant Development; Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development, Knowledge of Infant Development and Daily Activities of Infant was used for assessments. A strong association between motor skills and cognition (r² = 0.88) in both groups was observed. The predictors of motor development in the adolescent mother group were paternal age, home space, the mother does not work outside the home, parents' educational level, number of toys and adults in the household, parenting practices and knowledge of parents The predictors of cognitive development were parents living together, the amount of rooms in the residence and parenting practices. In the adult mother group, the predictors of motor development were the cognitive development, caesarean birth, parents living together, amount of rooms in the residence and parenting practices. As predictors of cognitive development, remained in the regression model the motor development, number of days in the ICU, number of rooms in the residence and parental practice. Conclusions: The interdependence between cognition and motor skills, family and residence characteristics, and parenting practices were the main determinants of infant trajectory.
RESUMO Pouco se sabe sobre a repercussão para o desenvolvimento do bebê dos fatores ambientais e das tarefas cotidianas as quais a mãe adolescente está exposta. Por isso o presente estudo propôs identificar as associações e os preditores do desenvolvimento motor e cognitivo de bebês filhos de mães adolescentes e adultas. Foram avaliados 40 bebês com idade entre 0 e 18 meses, tendo 20 bebês em cada grupo - mães adolescentes e adultas. As avaliações foram através da Alberta Motor Infant Scale e Bayley Scale of Infant Development; Affordances in the Home Enviroment for Motor Development, Knowledge of Infant Development e Daily Activities of Infant. Observou-se forte associação entre motricidade e cognição (r²=0,88) em ambos os grupos estudados. Entre os bebês de mães adolescentes, a idade paterna, espaço domiciliar, a mãe não trabalhar fora de casa, escolaridade dos pais, quantidade de brinquedos e adultos na residência, as práticas parentais e o conhecimento dos pais se mostraram preditores do desenvolvimento motor. Para o desenvolvimento cognitivo, mostraram-se preditores o fato dos pais morarem juntos, a quantidade de quartos na residência e as práticas parentais. No grupo de bebês de mães adultas, o desenvolvimento cognitivo, parto cesariano, os pais morarem juntos, quantidade de quartos na residência, e as práticas parentais foram preditores do desenvolvimento motor. Já como preditores do desenvolvimento cognitivo, permaneceram no modelo de regressão o desenvolvimento motor, quantidade de dias na UTI, número de quartos na residência e prática parentais. A interdependência entre cognição e motricidade, as características da família e da residência, e as práticas parentais foram os principais determinantes da trajetória do infante.
Subject(s)
Humans , Pregnancy , Adolescent , Cognition , Growth and Development , Sensorimotor Cortex , Motor SkillsABSTRACT
Evidence suggested that glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is involved in Nogo-66 inhibiting axonal regeneration in vitro, but its effect in vivo was poorly understood. We showed that stereotactic injection of shRNA GSK-3β-adeno associated virus (GSK-3β-AAV) diminished syringomyelia and promoted axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI), using stereotactic injection of shRNA GSK-3β-AAV (tested with Western blotting and RT-PCR) into the sensorimotor cortex of rats with SCI and by the detection of biotin dextran amine (BDA)-labeled axonal regeneration. We also determined the right position to inject into the sensorimotor cortex. Our findings consolidate the hypothesis that downregulation of GSK-3β promotes axonal regeneration after SCI.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Rats , Axons , Metabolism , Dependovirus , Genetics , Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta , Genetics , Metabolism , Nerve Regeneration , Genetics , RNA, Small Interfering , Genetics , Sensorimotor Cortex , Pathology , Spinal Cord Injuries , Genetics , Pathology , Therapeutics , Syringomyelia , Genetics , Pathology , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Previous studies have demonstrated interhemispheric functional connectivity alterations in schizophrenia. However, the relationship between these alterations and the disease state of schizophrenia is largely unknown. Therefore, we aimed to investigate this relationship using voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) method.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This study enrolled 36 schizophrenia patients with complete remission, 58 schizophrenia patients with incomplete remission and 55 healthy controls. The VMHC was calculated based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Differences in VMHC among three groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance. A brain region with a significant difference in VMHC was defined as a region of interest (ROI), and the mean VMHC value in the ROI was extracted for the post hoc analysis, i.e., pair-wise comparisons across the three groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>VMHC in the visual region (inferior occipital and fusiform gyri) and the sensorimotor region (paracentral lobule) showed significant differences among the three groups (P < 0.05, a false discovery rate method corrected). Pair-wise comparisons in the post hoc analysis showed that VMHC of the visual and sensorimotor regions in schizophrenia patients with complete remission and incomplete remission was lower than that in healthy controls (P < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected); however, there was no significant difference between the two patient subgroups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Interhemispheric functional connectivity in the sensorimotor and visual processing pathways was reduced in patients with schizophrenia, but this reduction was unrelated to the disease state; thus, this reduction may serve as a trait marker of schizophrenia.</p>